Friday, December 21, 2007

Holidays




Today is officially the last day of the school year, and the beginning of five weeks of holidays. I've got plenty to keep me busy over the holidays, so I won't be posting much, no doubt to the great disappointment of my loyal readers (both of them).

merry Christmas!

[The photo shows Bacchus, the Roman god of going on holidays]

Thursday, December 20, 2007

Saturnalia


The other day marked the start of the Roman festival of Saturnalia- a celebration associated with the god Saturn, and often thought of as the Romans' version of Christmas. Saturnalia has three important features in common with Christmas:


  • The timing; Saturnalia was not on exactly the same date as Christmas, but it was in late December (17th-23rd) which is close enough.

  • The food; Saturnalia was celebrated with lots of eating and drinking, just like Christmas is today (at least in my family).

  • The presents; Romans gave each other small gifts at the time of the festival. The poet Martial mentions as presents a pig, a parrot, dice, knuckle bones, moneyboxes, combs, toothpicks, a hat, a hunting knife, an axe, lamps, balls, perfumes, pipes, a sausage, tables, cups, spoons, items of clothing, statues, masks, and books (among other things).

But what characterised Saturnalia most of all was the role reversal of slave and free. Freeborn Romans would wear the pileus- a hat usually only worn by freedmen, and slaves would recline at luxurious banquets, waited upon by their masters. During this time slaves were also permitted to gamble, and could not be punished by their masters. It was a time of general relaxation, enjoyment and hilarity, much enjoyed by the Roman people- Catullus calls Saturnalia the best of days (die... optimo dierum) and attempts by the emperors Augustus and Caligula to shorten the celebrations failed, due to overwhelming popular support.


Here are two Roman accounts of Saturnalia, one from Seneca the younger, the other from Macrobius:



December est mensis: cum maxime civitas sudat. ius luxuriae publice datum est; ingenti apparatu sonant omnia, tamquam quicquam inter Saturnalia intersit et dies rerum agendarum.

It is now the month of December, when the whole city sweats. The right of luxury is given to all people; everywhere you can hear the sound of great preparations, as if there were some real difference between the days devoted to Saturn and those for doing normal business.


(Epistulae Morales II.XVIII)


inter haec servilis moderator obsequii ammonet dominum familiam pro sollemnitate annui moris epulatam. hoc enim festo religiosae domus prius famulos instructis tamquam ad usum domini dapibus honorant: et ita demum patribus familias mensae apparatus novatur.

Meanwhile the head of the slave household came to tell his master that the household had feasted according to the annual ritual custom. For at this festival, in houses that keep to proper religious usage, they first of all honour the slaves with a dinner prepared as if for the master; and only afterwards is the table set again for the head of the household.


(Saturnalia I.XXIV.22)

Thinkers rather than droids

An eloquent article from a Latin student who has just completed his HSC, on the benefits of studying the Classics.

There's also a documentary on the vigiles on the ABC tonight at 8:35 which looks interesting, called the Guardians of Rome. You can watch a review of it here.

Wednesday, December 19, 2007

Number Crunch

Congatulations to all my year 12 students, who received their HSC results today and have done very well. Here are some HSC statistics:

Number of students...
  • across NSW sitting the HSC this year: 67, 189
  • doing Latin Continuers: 180 (0.27% of the total number of students)
  • doing Latin Extension: 100 (0.15% of the total number of students)

Number of my students...
  • doing Latin Continuers: 11 (6% of the total number of Latin Continuers students)
  • doing Latin Extension: 8 (8% of the total number of Latin Extension students)

Highest marks in my class...

  • for Latin Continuers: 98/100
  • for Latin Extension: 49/50

Percentage of my class in the top performance band...

  • for Latin Continuers: 63%
  • for Latin Extension: 75%

The guy who came first in Latin (from Shore) is quoted in today's paper speaking about Latin:

Chao Wang, a Shore student who topped both Latin subjects, was better able to handle the Chinese interviewers because he speaks Mandarin.

He was hand-picked to study Latin because his teacher, who also taught last year's top student, is convinced that those who are good at mathematics pick up the language more easily. "It's a lot of fun," Chao said of Latin. "It's all problem solving."

Monday, December 17, 2007

The Riddle of the Sphinx

I read some sad news the other day about Terry Pratchett, who has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Ever since I first started reading them in high school, Pratchett's discworld novels have been my favourite comfort books- they're funny, clever, often thought-provoking, and are enjoyable to read time after time.

Here Pratchett's version of the riddle of the Sphinx, from one of my favourites, Pyramids:

'The answer is: "A Man",' said the Sphinx. 'Now, don't put up a fight, please, it releases unpleasant chemicals into the bloodstream.'
Teppic backed away from a slashing paw. 'Hold on, hold on,' he said. 'What do you mean, a man?'
'It's easy,' said the Sphinx. A baby crawls in the morning, stands on both legs at noon, and in the evening an old man walks with a stick. Good, isn't it?'
Teppic bit his lip. 'We're talking about one day here?' he said doubtfully.
There was a long embarassed silence.
'It's a wossname, a figure of speech,' said the Sphinx irritably, making another lunge.
'No, no, look, wait a minute,' said Teppic. 'I'd like us to be very clear about this, right? I mean, it's only fair, right?'
'Nothing wrong with the riddle,' said the Sphinx. 'Damn good riddle. Had that riddle for fifty years, sphinx and cub.' It thought about this. 'Chick,' it corrected.
'It's a good riddle,' Teppic said soothingly. 'Very deep. Very moving. The whole human condition in a nutshell. But you've got to admit, this doesn't all happen to one individual in one day, does it?'
'Well. No,' the Sphinx admitted. 'But that is self evident from the context. An element of dramatic analogy is present in all riddles,' it added, with the air of one who had heard the phrase a long time ago and rather liked it, although not to the extent of failing to eat the originator.
'Yes, but,' said Teppic crouching down and brushing a clear space on the damp sand, 'is there internal consistency within the metaphor? Let's say for example that the average life expectancy is seventy years OK?'
'OK,' said the Sphinx, in the uncertain tones of someone who has let the salesman in and is now regretfully contemplating a future in which they are undoubtedly going to buy life insurance.
'Right. Good. So noon would be age 35, am I right? Now considering that most children can toddle at a year or so, the four legs reference is really unsuitable, wouldn't you agree? I mean, most of the morning is spent on two legs. According to your analogy-' he paused and did a few calculations with a convenient thighbone- 'only about twenty minutes immediately after 00.00 hours, half an hour tops, is spent on four legs. Am I right? Be fair.'
'Well-' said the Sphinx.
'By the same token you wouldn't be using a stick by six p.m. because you'd be only, er, 52,' said Teppic, scribbling furiously. 'In fact you wouldn't really be looking at any kind of walking aid until at least half past nine, I think. That's on the assumption that the entire lifespan takes place over one day which is, I believe I have already pointed out, ridiculous. I'm sorry, it's basically OK, but it doesn't work.'
'Well,' said the Sphinx, but irritably this time, 'I don't see what I can do about it. I haven't got any more. It's the only one I've ever needed.'
'You just need to alter it a bit, that's all.'
'How do you mean?'
'Just make it a bit more realistic.'
'Hmm.' The Sphinx scratched it's mane with a claw.
'OK,' it said doubtfully. "I suppose I could ask: What is it that walks on four legs-'
'Metaphorically speaking,' said Teppic.
'Four legs, metaphorically speaking,' the Sphinx agreed, 'for about-'
'Twenty minutes, I think we agreed.'
'-OK, fine, twenty minutes in the morning, on two legs-'
'But I think calling it "in the morning" is stretching it a bit,' said Teppic. It's just after midnight. I mean, technically it's the morning, but in a very real sense it's still last night, what do you think?'
A look of glazed panic crossed the Sphinx's face.
'What do you think?' it managed.
'Let's just see where we've got to, shall we? What, metaphorically spekaing, walks on four legs just after midnight, on two legs for most of the day-'
'-barring accidents,' said the Sphinx , pathetically eager to show that it was making a contribution.
'Fine, on two legs barring accidents, until at least supper-time, when it walks with three legs-'
'I've known people use two walking sticks,' said the Sphinx helpfully.
'OK. How about: when it continues to walk on two legs or with any prosthetic aids of its choice?'
The Sphinx gave this some consideration.
'Ye-ess,' it said gravely. 'That seems to fit all eventualities.'
'Well?' said Teppic.
'Well what?' said the Sphinx.
'Well, what's the answer?'
The Sphinx gave him a stony look, and then showed its fangs.
'Oh no,' it said. 'You don't catch me out like that. You think I'm stupid? You've got to tell me the answer.'
'Oh, blow,' said Teppic.
'Thought you had me there, didn't you?' said the Sphinx.
'Sorry.'
'You thought you could get me all confused, did you?' The Sphinx grinned.
'It was worth a try,' said Teppic.
'Can't blame you. So what's the answer, then?'
Teppic scratched his nose.
'Haven't a clue,' he said. 'Unless, and this is a shot in the dark, you understand, it's: A Man.'
The Sphinx glared at him.
'You've been here before, haven't you?' it said accusingly.
'No.'
'Then someone's been talking, right?'
'Who could have talked? Has anyone ever guessed the riddle?' said Teppic.
'No!'
'Well, then. They couldn't have talked, could they?'
The Sphinx's claws scrabbled irritably on its rock.
'I suppose you'd better move along then,' it grumbled.
'Thank you,' said Teppic.
'I'd be grateful if you didn't tell anyone, please,' added the Sphinx, coldly. 'I wouldn't like to spoil it for other people.'

Friday, December 14, 2007

odi et...

Doing some research into Catullus recently, I discovered that the famous opening to poem 85 has been corrupted in the manuscript tradition, and that 'odi et amo' (I hate and I love) is actually an (admittedly, quite persuasive) emendation of the text by a later editor.

Here are my alternative suggestions for reconstructing what Catullus actually wrote:

odi et ammo
I hate and I own a gun

odi et emo
I hate and I wear a lot of black and listen to depressing music

odi et omo
I hate and I do laundry

odi et uno
I hate and I have only one card left

Monday, December 10, 2007

pecco, peccare

My Latin word for today is pecco, peccare, peccavi, peccatus meaning 'to sin; do wrong, blunder, stumble, be wrong, make a mistake, act incorrectly, be faulty'. This word has given us a number of English derivations, such as impeccable (faultless, flawless; as in 'a woman of impeccable taste') and peccadillo (a minor offense).

In the 1840s, the general Charles James Napier, the british commander-in-chief in India, also used the word in another sense; having subjugated the province of Sindh in Pakistan, he sent a message back to his headquarters saying simply, peccavi- 'I have sinned/Sindh'.